Resumo O ipê-roxo, Handroanthus impetiginosus, é uma espécie arbórea importante na conservação do bioma Cerrado e muito procurada no paisagismo e arborização urbana. No entanto, sua micropropagação é afetada por patógenos, como Oidium sp. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia dos tratamentos em sementes no controle do oídio do ipê roxo por micropropagação. Os sintomas foram observados durante a germinação in vitro, os postulados de Koch foram realizados para confirmação da patogenicidade, a colonização do patógeno nas folhas foi analisada em microscópios ópticos e de varredura e uma escala para avaliação de severidade foi proposta. Foram realizados dois ensaios para controle do oídio em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 30 repetições. Primeiro experimento: sementes foram tratadas com etanol, clorotalonil + tiofanato-metílico (C+TM) e hipoclorito de sódio; segundo experimento: sementes foram tratadas com etanol, NaOCl, C+TM e óleo de neem. A severidade da doença e a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença foram quantificadas. Os sintomas da doença e estruturas típicas do patógeno foram observados e a patogenicidade foi confirmada. A severidade da doença foi reduzida em 30,78% com 1,5% de óleo de neem por 10 min quando comparado com C + TM por 15 min. Concluímos que o óleo de neem pode ser uma estratégia sustentável para o controle do oídio em ipê roxo na cultura de tecidos.

Abstract Purple ipe (Handroanthus impetiginosus) is an important tree species in Cerrado biome conservation and very popular at the landscaping and urban afforestation. However, its micropropagation is affected by pathogens, such as Oidium sp. The aim this study was evaluate the efficiency of seed treatments in the control of powdery mildew of purple ipe obtained by micropropagation. The symptoms were observed during in vitro germination, a Koch’s postulates were performed for confirm the pathogenicity, colonization of the pathogen on the leaves was analyzed in optical and scanning microscopes and a scale to evaluate severity was proposed. Two experiments were realized to powdery mildew control using a completely randomized design, with 30 replicates. First experiment: Seeds were treated with ethanol (Et), chlorothalonil + thiophanate-methyl (C+TM), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); second experiment: Seeds were treated with Et, NaOCl, C+TM, and neem oil. Disease severity and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were assessed in both experiments. Disease symptoms and typical pathogen structures were observed, and the pathogenicity was confirmed. The disease severity was reduced by 30.78% in 1.5% neem oil for 10 min when compared with C+TM for 15 min. We conclude that neem oil can be a strategy sustainable for the control of powdery mildew in purple ipe in tissue culture.

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou influência dos cimentos resinosos e a base de ionômero de vidro na resistência à tração e os tipos de falhas de copings de zircônia cimentados sobre pilares TiBase. Foram confeccionadas 42 amostras, sendo estas formadas por implante cone morse, pilar de titânio (TiBase) com o parafuso de fixação e uma estrutura de zircônia (coping de Zr) confeccionado através do sistema CAD/CAM. As amostras (n =42) foram aleatoriamente distribuídas de acordo com o agente de cimentação: (cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina [RelyXTMLuting2]; cimento resinoso autoadesivo [RelyXTM U200] e cimento resinoso autopolimerizavel (Multilink® N). Após cimentação dos copings, metade das amostras de cada grupo (n = 7) foram aleatoriamente selecionadas e submetidas a termociclagem (5000 ciclos). O Teste de resistência a tração foi realizado em uma máquina de ensaio universal, até que ocorresse a falha (1 mm/min). Adicionalmente, o tipo de falha foi analizado. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA two-way e post teste de Tukey’s (α = 0.05). Menor média de resistência a tração foi observada para o cimento de ionômero de vidro (p < 0,001) independente do período de avaliação. Após a termociclagem, foi verificada uma redução significativa nos valores de resistênca a tração, para os cimentos avaliados (p=0,047). Para os cimentos resinosos, as falhas foram predominantemente do tipo fratura do parafuso (82,1%) já com o uso do cimento de ionômero de vidro, 28,5% das falhas foram de tipo adesiva entre o coping de Zr e o cimento. Cimentos resinosos apresentam melhor estabilidade na resistência a tração em comparação a ionmeros de vidro resinosos na cimentação de copings de zircônia sobre pilares TiBase.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the influence of resin cements and glass ionomers on tensile strength and types of failure of zirconia copings cemented on titanium base abutments. Forty-two samples were prepared, which were formed by a Cone Morse implant, a titanium abutment with the fixing screw, and a zirconia structure made using a CAD/CAM system. The samples (n = 42) were randomly distributed according to the cementing agent: resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RelyX Luting 2), self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200), and self-curing resin cement (Multilink N). After cementation of the copings, half of the samples from each group (n = 7) were randomly selected and subjected to thermocycling (5000 cycles). A tensile load test was performed on a universal testing machine until failure occurred (1 mm). In addition, the type of failure was analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance test and Tukey’s post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Lower tensile load was observed for the glass ionomer cement (p < 0.001) regardless of the evaluation period. After thermocycling, a significant reduction in tensile load values was verified for both evaluated cements (p = 0.047). For the resin cements, failures were predominantly of the screw fracture type (82.1%) already with the use of glass ionomer cement, and 28.5% of the failures were of an adhesive type between the zirconia coping and the cement. Resin cements have better stability under tensile load compared to resin glass ionomers when cementing zirconia copings on titanium base abutments.

Abstract Components of the complement system and atypical parameters of coagulation were reported in COVID-19 patients, as well as the exacerbation of the inflammation and coagulation activity. Mannose binding lectin (MBL)- associated serine proteases (MASPs) play an important role in viral recognition and subsequent activation of the lectin pathway of the complement system and blood coagulation, connecting both processes. Genetic variants of MASP1 and MASP2 genes are further associated with different levels and functional efficiency of their encoded proteins, modulating susceptibility and severity to diseases. Our review highlights the possible role of MASPs in SARS-COV-2 binding and activation of the lectin pathway and blood coagulation cascades, as well as their associations with comorbidities of COVID-19. MASP-1 and/or MASP-2 present an increased expression in patients with COVID-19 risk factors: diabetes, arterial hypertension and cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Based also on the positive results of COVID-19 patients with anti-MASP-2 antibody, we propose the use of MASPs as a possible biomarker of the progression of COVID-19 and the investigation of new treatment strategies taking into consideration the dual role of MASPs, including MASP inhibitors as promising therapeutic targets against COVID-19.

RESUMEN Bixa orellana L. es una planta nativa de Brasil, pero también está presente en otros países tropicales como Perú, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Indonesia, India y África Oriental. Es conocida popularmente como Urucum en Brasil. Esta revisión expone el potencial de los compuestos bioactivos derivados de B. orellana para tratar enfermedades debido a sus propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes. Esta planta también está relacionada como un agente antiinflamatorio para el tratamiento de enfermedades pulmonares e incluso como gotas para los ojos para el enrojecimiento. Sus hojas se utilizan para el tratamiento de la mordedura de serpiente, diarrea, gonorrea, hepatitis, gastritis, diuréticos, antipiréticos y para enfermedades de la piel. Ese conocimiento popular ha fomentado la identificación de compuestos bioactivos en esa planta. Los compuestos β-criptoxantina, geranilgeraniol, luteína, procianidina B2, procianidina B3, isómero elagitanino y ácido elágico desoxihexosa inhibieron microorganismos patógenos como bacterias, hongos, protozoos y virus. En ese sentido, B. orellana es una fuente prometedora de compuestos que podrían aplicarse en la terapia antimicrobiana. Este trabajo de revisión puede ayudar a comprender e incentivar nuevas investigaciones para los descubrimientos de antimicrobianos que utilizan diferentes compuestos de B. orellana.

SUMMARY Bixa orellana L. is a native plant from Brazil, but it is also present in other tropical countries such as Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Indonesia, India and East Africa. It is popularly known as Urucum in Brazil. This review shows the potential of bioactive compounds derived from B. orellana to treat infectious diseases due their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This plant is also related as an antiinflammatory agent for treatment of pulmonary diseases, or even as eye drops for redness. Its leaves are used for treatment of snakebite, diarrhea, gonorrhea, hepatitis, gastritis, diuretic, antipyretic, and for skin disease. This popular knowledge has encouraged the identification of bioactive compounds in this plant. Compounds as β-cryptoxanthin, geranylgeraniol, lutein, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, ellagi tannin isomer and ellagic acid deoxyhexose have been described. These compounds inhibited pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoan and viruses. In addition, some compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were also described. In this sense, B. orellana is a promising source of compounds that could be applied in antimicrobial therapy. This review work may help in the understanding and incentive of new research for antimicrobial discoveries using different B. orellana compounds.

Abstract The structural complexity of galls depends on species-specific interaction driven by the galling taxa. However, the host plant and environment stressors can impose limits on gall developmental patterns and impact the establishment of gall morphology. Herein, we employed qualitative and quantitative approaches in order to elucidate how cell divisions, elongation patterns, and tissue organization are determinant for the development of intralaminar gall morphology induced by Pseudophacopteron longicaudatum Malenovský, Burckhardt, Queiroz, Isaias & Oliveira (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Phacopteronidae) on leaves of Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. (Apocynaceae). In addition, we aimed to determine which anatomical process can discriminate the stages of gall development, plus, examine the histochemical and cytological profiles of the galls. The differentiated structures, mainly abaxial epidermis and spongy parenchyma, are associated with gall closure, with hyperplastic events concentrated in the young phase of the galls. Thus, epidermis and spongy parenchyma hypertrophy and are responsible for the determination of the nymphal chamber formation and gall shape. The mature galls do not differentiate into a typical nutritive cells and do not develop a histochemical gradient in their tissues. The cytological features of galls such as plastoglobules and multivesicular bodies are related to ROS scavenging mechanisms due the high oxidative stress.

Resumo Plantas desenvolvidas in vitro podem apresentar características estruturais e fisiológicas pouco funcionais. Contudo, o tipo de vedação dos recipientes utilizados na cultura de tecidos pode minimizar tais características. Este estudo avaliou a influência do tipo de vedação dos tubos de ensaio sobre a anatomia e a ultraestrutura das folhas de Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker (Bromeliaceae), uma bromélia ornamental nativa do Brasil, desenvolvidas in vitro. Foram utilizados três tipos de vedação: tampa rígida de polipropileno (PC), filme de policloreto de vinila (PVC) e PC coberta com uma membrana microporosa (PM). Para efeitos de comparação, plantas provenientes de sementes germinadas em telado também foram estudadas. As plantas desenvolvidas em tubos vedados com PM se assemelharam mais às desenvolvidas em telado, quanto à abertura dos estômatos, a presença de grãos de amido e a organização do sistema interno de membranas dos cloroplastos. Nas plantas cultivadas em tubos vedados com PC, houve maior densidade estomática e os cloroplastos ficaram com grandes áreas sem tilacóides no estroma. Na condição PVC, pouco ou nenhum grão de amido foi encontrado. Esses resultados sugerem que a membrana microporosa, adicionada ao orifício da PC, proporcionou uma vedação com ventilação natural, contribuindo para o melhor desenvolvimento das plantas.

Abstract In vitro grown plants may have abnormal structural and physiological features. However, the type of the sealing material used in tissue culture may minimize such abnormalities. This study evaluates the influence of the type of sealing of test tubes on the anatomical and ultrastructural features of leaves of Aechemea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker (Bromeliaceae), an ornamental bromeliad native to Brazil, grown in vitro. Three types of sealing were used: rigid polypropylene cap (PC), polyvinyl chloride film (PVC), and PC coupled with a microporous membrane (PM). Seedlings germinated in a greenhouse were also studied for comparison. Plants grown in test tubes sealed with PM were more similar to those from the greenhouse, as far as the pattern of stomatal opening, the presence of starch grains, and the organization of the internal membrane system of the chloroplasts is concerned. Plants cultivated in test tubes sealed with PC had higher stomatal density and the chloroplasts had large areas without thylakoids in the stroma. Plants grown in test tubes sealed with PVC had few or no starch grains. These results suggest that microporous membrane used coupled with PC sealing provided natural ventilation, thus contributing to a better plant development.

ABSTRACT Natural ventilation micropropagation systems differ from conventional systems by allowing gas exchange between the internal and external media of the culture flask. The objective of this work was to compare the conventional system of in vitro propagation of Eugenia dysenterica (Mart.) DC. with a natural ventilation system. For shooting, explants were inoculated into test tubes with conventional lids and natural ventilation lids (NV), and WPM medium supplemented with four concentrations levels of 6-benzilaminopurine (BAP). The position of explants in each plant was considered by identifying buds as more proximate to the root, or to the apex, or in an intermediate position. Plant growth in the natural ventilation system was superior to that in the conventional system, with a 448.53% increase in leaf number, 85.64% increase in chlorophyll a levels and 74.90% increase in chlorophyll b levels. Plants with intermediate buds exhibited better results. Foliar anatomical analysis revealed abnormalities in leaves grown in the conventional system such as “giant” stomata, which remain always open. Our results indicate that the use of natural ventilation improves the water loss regulation capacity in micropropagated E. dysenterica plants and may favor plants survival and growth after transference to the natural environment.

Abstract This study evaluates the shear bond strength (SBS) of various resin cements to different ceramics. Composite resin cylinders of Z100 were fabricated and cemented to disks of feldspathic ceramic (Creation), leucite-reinforced feldspathic ceramic (Empress I), and densely sintered aluminum oxide ceramic (Procera AllCeram) using five resin cements: Panavia F (PAN), RelyX ARC (ARC), RelyX Unicem (RXU), RelyX Veneer, and Variolink II. SBS was measured after three days of water storage (baseline) and after artificial aging (180 days of water storage along with 12,000 thermal cycles). Failure mode of fractured specimens also was evaluated. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). RXU showed 1) the lowest baseline median SBS to feldspathic ceramic, which was not statistically different from PAN; 2) the lowest median baseline SBS to leucite-reinforced feldspathic and densely sintered aluminum-oxide ceramics. All cements performed similarly after aging, except for ARC (median 0.0 MPa) and PAN (median 16.2 MPa) in the densely sintered aluminum-oxide ceramic group. Resin cements perform differently when bonded to different ceramic substrates. While all test resin cements worked similarly in the long-term to feldspathic and leucite-reinforced feldspathic ceramics, only the MDP-containing resin cement provided durable bonds to densely sintered aluminum-oxide ceramic.

Abstract: This study investigates the color correspondence of resin cements and try-in pastes, and the color stability of bonded lithium disilicate ceramic disks. Resin composite disks were fabricated (n = 36) to serve as the background for lithium disilicate disks prepared in two thicknesses (0.5 and 1.0 mm, n = 18 each). Two brands were used for try-in and cement procedures: Variolink Veneer and AllCem Veneer. For baseline, water was applied between the ceramic disks and their respective backgrounds to achieve the control group. This set was subjected to color measurement using an intraoral measurement device (T0). The try-in was inserted between background and ceramic, and this set was subjected to color measurement (T1). After adhesive procedures, the ceramic disk was placed under cement, and color measurement was performed with uncured cement (T2) and 24 h after light-curing (T3). Each set was immersed in distilled water and thermal-cycled, with color measurement being performed after 10,000 (T4) and 20,000 (T5) cycles. Color differences were calculated by CIELab (rEab) and CIEDE2000 (rE00). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements and Tukey's test (α=5%). There was color correspondence of try-in and resin cement for the Variolink system, regardless of the ceramic thickness (p > 0.05). For the AllCem system, the thickness significantly influenced the color measurement (p < 0.001). The Variolink system also demonstrated color stability after 20,000 thermal cycles with rEab < 3.46 and rE00 < 2.25. It was concluded that the color correspondence between a try-in and its respective cement may vary according to resin cement composition.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have received much attention as an alternative to silicon-based solar cells, due to various advantages. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an n-type semiconductor employed as photoanode on DSSC. The decrease of charge recombination is an efficient strategy capable of improving the photovoltaic performance of the device. In this perspective, Nb2O5 was added on ZnO solar cells. The oxides were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The photovoltaic parameters were obtained through J-V plots and photocronoamperometry. The results showed that the niobium oxide obtained presented orthorhombic crystal structure and DSSC with the addition of niobium oxide showed better efficiency, of 1.42% when compared the device with only ZnO.

Resumo Fungos do complexo Rhizoctonia são micorrízicos de orquídeas e podem germinar suas sementes e desenvolver as plântulas. Neste contexto, nosso objetivo foi selecionar um isolado fúngico para promover a germinação e o desenvolvimento de plântulas de Cyrtopodium saintlegerianum. Foram encontrados pelotons nas raízes desta orquídea e foram identificados três fungos micorrízicos. Nós testamos os isolados obtidos das raízes de C. saintlegerianum e seis outros isolados micorrízicos assim como três isolados patogênicos (de arroz e feijão) para germinar as sementes em meio de aveia-agar. Sementes não inoculadas foram usadas como controle. Os isolados En07 (Waitea circinata), Cs10 (Tulasnella sp.) e Ro88 (Rhizoctonia oryzae) foram eficientes para promover a germinação, mas somente o En07diferiu estatisticamente do controle. O isolado não específico En07 promoveu 81% de germinação e o isolado específico (Cs10) promoveu 60%, evidenciando a associação micorrízica não específica durante a germinação. Plântulas axênicas foram inoculadas com quatro fungos micorrízicos (plântulas não inoculadas - controle). Após seis meses, os isolados En07 e Cs10 foram eficientes na interação com as plântulas, mas não diferiram do controle. Portanto, nossos resultados sugerem que fungos do complexo Rhizoctonia podem ser usados na germinação e no desenvolvimento de plântulas de C. saintlegerianum.

Abstract Fungi of Rhizoctonia complex are mycorrhizal of orchids and may to germinate yours seeds and development the seedlings. In this context, our objective was to select a fungal isolate to promote seed germination and seedling development of Cyrtopodium saintlegerianum. Pelotons were found in the roots and three mycorrhizal fungi were isolated. We tested mycorrhizal isolates obtained from C. saintlegerianum roots and six mycorrhizal fungi from other orchids as well three pathogenic isolates (of rice and bean) to germinate the seeds in oatmeal-agar medium. Seeds not inoculated were used as control. The isolates En07 (Waitea circinata), Cs10 (Tulasnella sp.) and Ro88 (Rhizoctonia oryzae) were efficient to promote seed germination, but only En07 differing statistically of the control. The non-specific isolate En07 promoted germination in 81% of seeds and the specific isolate (Cs10) promoted 60%, evidencing the non-specificity mycorrhizal association in this orchid during germination. Axenic seedlings were inoculated with four mycorrhizal fungi (non-inoculated seedlings - control). After six months, the isolates En07 and Cs10 were efficient in the interaction with the seedlings, but did not differ to the control. Therefore, our results suggested that fungi of the Rhizoctonia complex can be used in the germination and seedling development of C. saintlegerianum.

Abstract Meat is one of the most perishable foods owing to its nutrient availability, high water activity, and pH around 5.6. These properties are highly conducive for microbial growth. Fresh meat, when exposed to oxygen, is subjected to the action of aerobic psychrotrophic, proteolytic, and lipolytic spoilage microorganisms, such as Pseudomonas spp. The spoilage results in the appearance of slime and off-flavor in food. In order to predict the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens in fresh meat at different pH values, stored under refrigeration, and temperature abuse, microbial mathematical modeling was applied. The primary Baranyi and Roberts and the modified Gompertz models were fitted to the experimental data to obtain the growth parameters. The Ratkowsky extended model was used to determine the effect of pH and temperature on the growth parameter µmax. The program DMFit 3.0 was used for model adjustment and fitting. The experimental data showed good fit for both the models tested, and the primary and secondary models based on the Baranyi and Roberts models showed better validation. Thus, these models can be applied to predict the growth of P. fluorescens under the conditions tested.

Resumo As orquídeas podem ser propagadas in vitro em meios de cultivo assépticos ou em simbiose com fungos micorrízicos. Epidendrum nocturnum ocorre em áreas de Cerrado e neste estudo objetivou-se a visualização de fungos micorrízicos em suas raízes bem como o cultivo assimbiótico de suas plântulas em diferentes meios e a micorrização in vitro. No desenvolvimento assimbiótico testou-se três meios de cultura em um ensaio e, em outro ensaio, foram testadas formulações alternativas do meio Knudson C modificado, com a adição de polpa de frutas. Fungos micorrízicos de orquídeas foram usados na micorrização in vitro. Pelotons foram visualizados nas raízes de E. nocturnum. O meio Knudson C modificado diferiu estatisticamente dos demais, nas duas intensidades luminosas, no primeiro ensaio. No segundo ensaio, após sete meses, os meios com formulação alternativa não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. Na micorrização in vitro as plântulas com o isolado fúngico En07 (Waitea circinata) apresentaram maior vigor visual em relação aos demais tratamentos, mas não houve diferença estatística com o controle. Os meios com formulação alternativa e o Knudson C modificado podem ser utilizados no desenvolvimento in vitro de E. nocturnum e o isolado En07 pode ser usado na micorrização visando estratégias de conservação desta orquídea.

Abstract Orchids can be propagated in vitro in aseptic culture media or in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. Epidendrum nocturnum occurs in areas of Cerrado and this study aimed to mycorrhizal fungi visualization in their roots and its asymbiotic growing their seedlings in different media and in vitro mycorrhization. In asymbiotic development was tested three culture in a test and, another test, alternative formulations of medium Knudson C modified with addition of fruit pulp. Mycorrhizal fungi orchids were used in in vitro mycorrhization. Pelotons were visualized in the roots of E. nocturnum. The medium Knudson C modified statistically different from the others, the two light intensities, in the first test. In the second test, after seven months, with the alternative formulation means were not statistically different from each other. In vitro mycorrhization plantlets with isolated fungal En07 (Waitea circinata) showed greater visual effect compared to other treatments, but there was no statistical difference with control. The media with alternative formulation and Knudson C modified can be used in vitro development of E. nocturnum, and the isolated fungal En07 can be used in order mycorrhization of this orchid conservation strategies.

Trichogonia cinerea é endêmica no Brasil e ocorre em áreas de Cerrado e campo rupestre. Neste estudo, foram caracterizados os tricomas glandulares e não glandulares das partes aéreas dessa espécie, determinados os principais eventos no desenvolvimento dos primeiros e identificados os principais constituintes do óleo volátil produzido em seus órgãos aéreos. Folhas completamente expandidas, entrenós, flores, brácteas involucrais e ápices caulinares foram utilizados para a caracterização dos tricomas. Folhas, entrenós, flores e brácteas involucrais foram examinados em microscópio de luz e microscópio eletrônico de varredura, enquanto ápices caulinares foram examinados somente em microscópio de luz. Ramos, em fase reprodutiva, foram usados para a extração e a determinação da composição do óleo volátil. A espécie tem três tipos de tricomas glandulares, bisseriados vesiculosos, bisseriados pedunculados e unisseriados pluricelulares, que secretam óleos voláteis e compostos fenólicos. Os principais componentes identificados no óleo volátil foram 3,5-muuroladieno (39,56%) e hidroxitolueno butilado (13,07%).

Trichogonia cinerea is endemic to Brazil and occurs in areas of cerrado and campo rupestre. In this study, we characterized the glandular and non-glandular trichomes on the aerial parts of this species, determined the principal events in the development of the former, and identified the main constituents of the volatile oil produced in its aerial organs. Fully expanded leaves, internodes, florets, involucral bracts, and stem apices were used for the characterization of trichomes. Leaves, internodes, florets, and involucral bracts were examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, whereas stem apices were examined only by light microscopy. Branches in the reproductive phase were used for the extraction and determination of the composition of the volatile oil. The species has three types of glandular trichomes, biseriate vesicular, biseriate pedunculate, and multicellular uniseriate, which secrete volatile oils and phenolic compounds. The major components identified in the volatile oil were 3,5-muuroladiene (39.56%) and butylated hydroxytoluene (13.07%).

The development of micropropagation techniques in orchid has many advantages such as the reproduction of elite, rare, sterile and/or disease-free genotypes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of organic supplements (coconut water and banana pulp) in the in vitro development of seedlings of Laeliocattleya (Hadrolaelia purpurata x Cattleya intermedia), comparing their response to plant growth regulators: auxins and cytokinins. For this, the following four experiments were carried out: 1. Organic supplements compared to different concentrations ofkinetin (N6-furfuryl aminopurine; KIN) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2. Organic supplements compared to different concentrations of 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA) and N6-benzyladenine (6BA), 3. Organic supplements compared to different concentrations of IBA and KIN, and 4. Organic supplements compared with different concentrations ofANA and 6BA. Coconut water was statistically superior to the others (P <0.01) for the variable number of leaves, in all experiments performed with 7.3 leaves per seedling cultivated in vitro. While banana pulp showed the best results in the number of roots (P <0.01) for all experiments, with an average value of 7.4 roots. The addition of banana pulp and/or coconut water is suitable for the production of orchid hybrids, which present a positive effect on the development of seedlings. Its low cost is also a plus in relation to the use ofplant growth regulators.

El desarrollo de técnicas de micropropagación en orquídeas ofrece múltiples ventajas como la reproducción de genotipos superiores, raros, estériles o libres de enfermedades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el uso de suplementos orgánicos (agua de coco y pulpa de banana) en el crecimiento y desarrollo in vitro de plántulas del híbrido intergenérico Laeliocattleya (Hadrolaelia purpurata x Cattleya intermedia), comparando su respuesta con fitorreguladores de auxinas y citoquininas. Para ello se realizaron los siguientes cuatro experimentos: 1. Suplementos orgánicos comparados con diferentes concentraciones de kinetina (N6-furfuril amino purina; KIN) y ácido naftalenacético (ANA), 2. Suplementos orgánicos comparados con diferentes concentraciones de ácido 3-indolbutírico (IBA) y N6-benzyladenine (6BA), 3. Suplementos orgánicos comparados con diferentes concentraciones de IBA y KIN, y 4. Suplementos orgánicos comparados con diferentes concentraciones de ANA y 6BA. El suplemento orgánico de agua de coco fue estadísticamente superior al resto (P<0,01), para la variable número de hojas, en todos los experimentos realizados, con 7,3 hojas por plántula cultivada in vitro. En tanto que la adición de pulpa de banana mostró los mejores resultados en el número de raíces (P<0,01), para todos los experimentos en estudio, con un valor medio de 7,4 raíces. Se concluye que la adición de pulpa de banana o de agua de coco es conveniente para la producción de orquídeas híbridas por presentar un efecto positivo en el desarrollo de las plántulas, y por su costo reducido en relación con el uso de reguladores de crecimiento.